did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972?
Public policy. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Every penny counts! Women first organized and collectively fought for suffrage at the national level in July of 1848. ERA advocates also assert that Congress has authority to amend or change a ratification deadline that appears in the proposing clause. The joint stipulation incorporated the Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel's opinion; stated that the Archivist would not certify the adoption of the Equal Rights Amendment and stated that if the Department of Justice ever concludes that the 1972 ERA Resolution is still pending and that the Archivist therefore has authority to certify the ERA's adoption the Archivist will make no certification concerning ratification of the ERA until at least 45 days following the announcement of the Department of Justice's conclusion, absent a court order compelling him to do so sooner. A majority of state constitutions have gender equality provisions. In 1969, newly elected representative Shirley Chisholm of New York gave her famous speech "Equal Rights for Women" on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives. Most Northern Democrats, who aligned themselves with the anti-ERA labor unions, opposed the amendment. Res. We'll send you a couple of emails per month, filled with fascinating history facts that you can share with your friends. They ignore the crucial distinction between proposed constitutional amendments that include a ratification deadline and those that do not. States were given seven years to ratify, then the deadline was extended to 1982. In Illinois, supporters of Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative Republican activist from that state, used traditional symbols of the American housewife. The Supreme Court has confirmed Congress view. Senior Legal Fellow, Center for Legal and Judicial Studies. Just like a joint resolution for proposing a constitutional amendment no longer exists when the Congress in which it is introduced adjourns, a proposed constitutional amendment no longer exists when its ratification deadline passes. [1] [2] Election results In 1959, they had it introduced in the Texas Senate and House as the Texas Equal Legal Rights Amendment. the Twenty-seventh amendment. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. You can contact your representatives in the U. S. Congress to urge them to sign on as co-sponsors of vital legislation to remove the time limit placed upon the ERA by Congress in 1972. At various times, in six of the 12 non-ratifying states, one house of the legislature approved the ERA. No evidence exists that any member of either Congress or any state legislature questioned whether placement in the proposing clause affected a ratification deadlines validity in any way. They took homemade bread, jams, and apple pies to the state legislators, with the slogans, "Preserve us from a Congressional jam; Vote against the ERA sham" and "I am for Mom and apple pie. Supporters of the ERA point to the lack of a specific guarantee in the Constitution for equal rights protections on the basis of sex. was sent to the states for. Carter signed the joint resolution, although he noted, on strictly procedural grounds, the irregularity of his doing so given the Supreme Court's decision in 1798. After some western states enfranchised women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) formed a Southern Committee with the purpose of expanding suffrage activism in the south. [25] The opposition to the ERA was led by Mary Anderson and the Women's Bureau beginning in 1923. [149] Schlafly said passage of the amendment would threaten Social Security benefits for housewives. The 1972 Equal Rights Amendment Can No Longer Be RatifiedBecause It No Longer Exists, Second Amendment Libertys Most Essential Safeguard 200 Years Later, President Bidens Questionable Authority To Forgive Student Debt. Steinem blamed the insurance industry and said Schlafly "did not change one vote. [76], On March 19, 2021, North Dakota state lawmakers adopted Senate Concurrent Resolution No. The commission did, though, help win passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which banned sex discrimination in wages in a number of professions (it would later be amended in the early 1970s to include the professions that it initially excluded) and secured an executive order from Kennedy eliminating sex discrimination in the civil service. The Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress on March 22, 1972 and sent to the states for ratification. On June 18, 1980, a resolution in the Illinois House of Representatives resulted in a vote of 10271 in favor, but Illinois' internal parliamentary rules required a three-fifths majority on constitutional amendments and so the measure failed by five votes. [citation needed] By the late 1960s, NOW had made significant political and legislative victories and was gaining enough power to become a major lobbying force. [7] Since 1978, attempts have been made in Congress to extend or remove the deadline. Eventually, this resulted in feminist dissatisfaction with the Republican Party, giving the Democrats a new source of strength that when combined with overwhelming minority support, helped elect Bill Clinton to the presidency in 1992 and again in 1996. [179][180], An effort to ratify the ERA in the Virginia General Assembly in 2018 failed to reach the floor of either the House of Delegates or Senate. These women argued that the ERA would disadvantage housewives, cause women to be drafted into the military and to lose protections such as alimony, and eliminate the tendency for mothers to obtain custody over their children in divorce cases. The amendment failed to pass. Because thirty-eight states failed to ratify the amendment by March 31, 1979 the South Dakota Legislature rescinded its ratification of the ERA. Since Congress has taken no action to change the 1972 ERAs ratification deadline, the only way to do so is by ignoring that deadline altogether. Thomas Jipping is Deputy Director and Senior Legal Fellow in the Edwin Meese III Center for Legal and Judicial Studies, of the Institute for Constitutional Government, at The Heritage Foundation. Res. The bill cleared the Legislature, and Texas voters approved the state ERA in a constitutional amendment election in November 1972. By the next legislative session the B&PW had coordinated a campaign of national media interviews, speaking engagements in Texas, and coalitions with influential women's groups. This Legal Memorandum analyzes the second category of efforts by ERA advocates, which attempt today to ratify the ERA that Congress proposed in 1972. legislatively referred constitutional amendment, https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Texas_Equal_Rights,_Proposition_7_(1972)&oldid=8530780, Pages using DynamicPageList parser function, Conflicts in school board elections, 2021-2022, Special Congressional elections (2023-2024), 2022 Congressional Competitiveness Report, State Executive Competitiveness Report, 2022, State Legislative Competitiveness Report, 2022, Partisanship in 2022 United States local elections. The possibility of additional states ratifying the 1972 ERA depends on the validity of its ratification deadline. [21], Since the 1920s, the Equal Rights Amendment has been accompanied by discussion among feminists about the meaning of women's equality. Why did the Equal Rights Amendment of 1972 fail? ", "Equal Rights Amendment: State Provisions", "Indiana Ratifies the ERA With Rosalynn Carter's Aid", "Nevada ratifies Equal Rights Amendment decades past deadline", "Illinois House approves Equal Rights Amendment", "Authentication and Proclamation: Proposing a Constitutional Amendment", "South Dakota and the Equal Rights Amendment". if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; What's on my ballot? If states may ignore a ratification deadline that is not part of the amendment and is not ratified by the States, then they may similarly ignore Congress designation of how they must ratify a proposed amendment when it appears in that location. [34], At the 1944 Democratic National Convention, the Democrats made the divisive step of including the ERA in their platform, but the Democratic Party did not become united in favor of the amendment until congressional passage in 1972. At the beginning of the 117th Congress, a joint resolution (H.J.Res. [8][9] In 2017, Nevada became the first state to ratify the ERA after the expiration of both deadlines,[10] and Illinois followed in 2018. [1] Phyllis Schlafly was a key player in the defeat. The Madison Amendment was pending indefinitely because it had no ratification deadline, while the 1972 ERA not only had a deadline, but that deadline, even after one extension, passed in June 1982. However, Gus Mutscher, the new speaker of the House, refused to let it out of committee. Therefore, it is most likely that the actions of the five states Idaho, Kentucky, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Tennessee that voted to rescind their ratification of the ERA between 1972 and 1982 are a legal nullity. It did not come to a vote in either chamber. Legislation could be introduced and amended at any time during this period. Nonetheless, when the 1972 ERAs deadline passed without ratification by three-fourths of the states, the proposed amendment expired and is no longer pending. It's Only Been 96 Years", "The Equal Rights Amendment: 111th Congress", "Bill Summary & Status 113th Congress (20132014) H.J. Help expand Ballotpedia's elections coverage - volunteer with us, The Texas Equal Rights Amendment, also known as Proposition 7, was on the November 7, 1972 ballot in Texas as a legislatively referred constitutional amendment, where it was approved. In 1982, seven female ERA supporters, known as the Grassroots Group of Second Class Citizens, went on a fast and seventeen chained themselves to the entrance of the Illinois Senate chamber. [6] Many labor feminists also opposed the ERA on the basis that it would eliminate protections for women in labor law, though over time more and more unions and labor feminist leaders turned toward supporting it. Even National Public Radio acknowledges that the 1972 ERA fell short and expired in 1982.REF The widely used resource Lexis-Nexis includes the 1972 ERA on a list of failed amendments, noting that it never received ratification by the necessary three-fourths of the states.REF. The relevant consensus is not about a generalized problem, but about the proposed constitutional amendment as a solution. . -- Senate Vote #533 -- Mar 22, 1972", "The Art of Leadership: A Companion to an Exhibition from the Senatorial Papers of Birch Bayh, United States Senator from Indiana, 19631980", "H.J. The text of the measure can be read here. However, experts and advocates have acknowledged legal uncertainty about the consequences of the Virginian ratification, due to expired deadlines and five states' revocations. In May 1979, shortly after the original ratification deadline passed, the states of Idaho, which had rescinded its ratification, and Arizona, which had rejected ratification, filed suit in federal court. On February 8, 2016, the American Bar Associations House of Delegates adopted Resolution 10B, submitted by the New Jersey State Bar, generally supporting ratification of the ERA. However, no additional states ratified. [155] Public opinion in key states shifted against the ERA as its opponents, operating on the local and state levels, won over the public. Its supporters claim that it would eliminate legal inequalities between men and women in divorce . The Hayden rider added a sentence to the ERA to keep special protections for women: "The provisions of this article shall not be construed to impair any rights, benefits, or exemptions now or hereafter conferred by law upon persons of the female sex." In 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment, designed to guarantee protection against sexual discrimination for women under the law, passed both houses of Congress and was sent to the individual states for ratification. The resolution, therefore, died in committee when the 112th Congress ended in January 2013. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/texas-equal-rights-amendment. When the Texas Legislature met in 1969, the proposed Texas Equal Rights Amendment received ready support in the Senate. [120] On May 7, 2020, the DOJ filed a motion to dismiss, claiming the states do not have standing to bring the case to trial as they have to show any "concrete injury", nor that the case was ripe for review. This play gets her life's work right", "The History Behind the Equal Rights Amendment", "Wanna Save Roe v. Wade? The U.S. Senate had passed the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution on March 22 of that year, but the required majority of states failed to ratify it by the 1982 deadline. "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." These feminists argued that legislation including mandated minimum wages, safety regulations, restricted daily and weekly hours, lunch breaks, and maternity provisions would be more beneficial to the majority of women who were forced to work out of economic necessity, not personal fulfillment. 208 (Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States)", "Equal Rights Amendment Is Approved by Congress", "Which States Ratified the ERA and When Did They Ratify? [34] The ERA was supported by Southern Democrats and almost all Republicans. [203] The House passed the resolution by a 222204 vote on March 17, 2021. The first proposed language read: Two years later, at the partys 1923 convention, NWP president Alice Paul proposed a simpler version of the ERA, which was introduced in Congress in December of that year:REF. On August 22, 1978, Congress proposed and sent to the states an amendment that would give the District of Columbia the same Senate and House representation that states have. The original joint resolution (H.J.Res. "Section 3. They argue, for example, that the length of time since the 1972 ERAs proposal does not, by itself, render it invalid. At its 1957 convention, the Texas federation accepted Tobolowsky's offer to document the need for the amendment and pledged to fund efforts for its passage. Equal Rights Amendment. Meanwhile, state-level equivalents aboundsome as comprehensive provisions of state constitutions that . [38] When Kennedy was elected, he made Esther Peterson the highest-ranking woman in his administration as an assistant secretary of labor. Advocates assert that the 1972 ERA is within one state of becoming part of the Constitution by counting as valid the ratification by Nevada in 2017 and by Illinois in 2018. On January 15, the Senate voted 2614 to approve the amendment and forward it to the House of Delegates, but it was defeated there in a 5050 tied vote; at the time, the Republican Party held one-seat majorities in both houses. In 2014, under the auspices of ERA Action and their coalition partners, both the Virginia and Illinois state senates voted to ratify the ERA. [39] Ultimately, Kennedy's ties to labor unions meant that he and his administration did not support the ERA. [137] A more militant feminist group, Grassroots Group of Second Class Citizens, organized a series of non-violent direct action tactics in support of the ERA in Illinois in 1982. 7 was officially received by the U.S. Senate on January 6, 2014, was designated as "POM-175", was referred to the Senate's Committee on the Judiciary, and was published verbatim in the Congressional Record at page S24. The Equal Rights Amendment was conceptually simple; it would grant Congress the ability to enforce legal equality between men and women via an amendment to the constitution. The joint resolution proposing the 1972 ERA, for example, opens this way: Resolvedthat the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be validwhen ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress. Similarly, Section 3 of the 18th Amendment requires that it be ratifiedby the legislatures of the several Stateswithin seven years from date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress., When Congress does not impose a ratification deadline, the designation always appears in the joint resolutions proposing clause. "Congress must act now to remove the . This suggestion was unusual in Dillon because the 18th Amendment, at issue in that case, had a seven-year ratification deadline.REF The issue in Dillon was whether Congress had authority to include any ratification deadline, not whether the time between proposal and ratification met any particular standard. On September 25, 1921, the National Woman's Party announced its plans to campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution to guarantee women equal rights with men. The League of Women Voters, formerly the National American Woman Suffrage Association, opposed the Equal Rights Amendment until 1972, fearing the loss of protective labor legislation. During 1972, a total of 22 state legislatures ratified the amendment and eight more joined in early 1973. [175][10][176], On March 22, 2017, the Nevada Legislature became the first state in 40 years to ratify the ERA. States can continue to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) that Congress proposed in 1972 only if it is still pending before the states. [20], As a result, in the 1940s, ERA opponents proposed an alternative, which provided that "no distinctions on the basis of sex shall be made except such as are reasonably justified by differences in physical structure, biological differences, or social function." Those 24 words, written by Alice Paul in 1922, have provoked a nearly century long debate in the U.S. Congress. She also claimed that laws to protect women in the workforce from unsafe working conditions would be needed by men, too, and thus the ERA would help all people. Frances "Sissy" Tarlton Farenthold and Barbara Jordan between 1968 and 1972. The state ERA was passed first in the Senate, then in the House. Proposed amendment to the United States Constitution ensuring equal rights regardless of sex, Hayden rider and protective labor legislation, Non-ratifying states with one-house approval, Congressional extension of ratification deadline, Massachusetts lawsuit supporting ratification, 2020 U.S. District Court lawsuit supporting ratification, Post-deadline ratifications and the "three-state strategy", Proposed removal of ratification deadline, Article Five of the United States Constitution requires approval of three-fourths of the, The Texas Observer, March 11, 1977, "Sniping at the ERA," p. 5-6/. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. The ERA has been ratified by the following states:[60], ** = Ratification revoked after June 30, 1982, Although Article V is silent as to whether a state may rescind, or otherwise revoke, a previous ratification of a proposedbut not yet adoptedamendment to the U.S. Constitution,[66] legislators in the following six states nevertheless voted to retract their earlier ratification of the ERA:[67]. When Congress also imposes a ratification deadline, it appears in the same location as the designation. On December 23, 1981, the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho agreed on both issuesREF and the defendant, the Administrator of General Services, appealed to the Supreme Court. Joint resolutions have the force of law and, in most cases, must be presented to the President for his signature. NOW disrupted the hearings and demanded a hearing on the Equal Rights Amendment and won a meeting with senators to discuss the ERA. Prop 7 added Section 3a of Article 1 of the Texas Constitution. Four years later, when considering Senate Joint Resolution 25, the Senate first voted 5131 for an amendment offered by Senator Carl Hayden (DAZ) that read: The provisions of this article shall not be construed to impair any rights, benefits, or exemptions conferred by law upon persons of the female sex.REF The Senate then voted 6319 for the amended version.REF. On February 19, 2020, the States of Alabama, Louisiana, Nebraska, South Dakota and Tennessee moved to intervene in the case. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) Congress has no role in determining when a proposed amendment has been ratified, and the states cannot ratify an amendment after its deadline has passed. Rather, it ignores the distinction between when a ratification deadline is in the future and when it has already passed. The Texas Legislature ratified the Equal Rights Amendment during a special session on March 30, 1972. The commission, composed largely of anti-ERA feminists with ties to labor, proposed remedies to the widespread sex discrimination it unearthed. 4010), This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 16:12. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) passed Congress in 1972 and was quickly ratified by 35 of the 38 states needed for it to become part of the Constitution. It is designated as a National Historic Landmark. Counties | [170] Those who espouse the "three-state strategy" (now complete if the Nevada, Illinois and Virginia belated ERA approvals are deemed legitimate) were spurred, at least in part, by the unconventional 202-year-long ratification of the Constitution's Twenty-seventh Amendment (sometimes referred to as the "Madison Amendment") which became part of the Constitution in 1992 after pending before the state legislatures since 1789. Could the Equal Rights Amendment still be ratified today? No political, civil, or legal disabilities or inequalities on account of sex or on account of marriage, unless applying equally to both sexes, shall exist within the United States or any territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof. In 1924, The Forum hosted a debate between Doris Stevens and Alice Hamilton concerning the two perspectives on the proposed amendment. See Virginia Attorney General Opinion Letter, supra, at 4. Meanwhile, Congress passed the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act and a federal equal rights amendment, the latter of which was ratified by the Texas legislature in a special session in March 1972. [47] Said Betty Friedan of the strike, "All kinds of women's groups all over the country will be using this week on August 26 particularly, to point out those areas in women's life which are still not addressed. Most scholarship about ERA ratification in the . In 1978, before that deadline passed, Congress extended it to June 30, 1982.REF When that deadline passed with fewer than the constitutionally required number of state ratifications, the 1972 ERA expired and was no longer pending before the states. Defense of traditional gender roles proved to be a useful tactic. The Court stated: "We think that, in accordance with this historic precedent, the question of the efficacy of ratifications by state legislatures, in the light of previous rejection or attempted withdrawal, should be regarded as a political question pertaining to the political departments, with the ultimate authority in the Congress in the exercise of its control over the promulgation of the adoption of the amendment. Texas ratified the federal ERA on . Ballotpedia features 393,618 encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. [178], Illinois state lawmakers ratified the ERA on May 30, 2018, with a 7245 vote in the Illinois House following a 4312 vote in the Illinois Senate in April 2018. Congress designates the necessary method of state ratification for every constitutional amendment it proposes. Identical legislation can be, and often is, introduced in the next Congress, but it is new legislation for which the legislative process must begin again. In the 2010s, due in part to fourth-wave feminism and the Me Too movement, there was a renewed interest in adoption of the ERA. W075_029, Feminist Postcard Collection, Archives for Research on Women and Gender. Proponents assert it would end legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. Article V of the U.S. Constitution provides for two methods of proposing amendments. The 91st Congress, however, ended before the joint resolution could progress any further. State and local courts | The Archivist then certifies a proclamation, published in the Federal Register, that the amendment is part of the Constitution.REF The Archivists certification is based on facial legal sufficiency rather than substantive determinations as to the validity of State ratification actions.REF The certification serves as official notice to the Congress and to the Nation that the amendment process has been completed.REF, The plain language of Article V gives Congress authority to propose amendments and specify their mode of ratification. [30], In 1950 and 1953, the ERA was passed by the Senate with a provision known as "the Hayden rider", introduced by Arizona senator Carl Hayden. While advocates attempt to draw a close parallel between the Madison Amendment and the 1972 ERA, the most obvious difference between them is the most relevant. "A Forgotten ERA: West Virginia Senate approves resolution to rescind Equal Rights Amendment ratification", "Buried Alive: The Reboot of the Equal Rights Amendment", "ArtV.1.2 Proposing a Constitutional Amendment", District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment, "Women say they'll end fast but not rights fight", "Newcomb College ERA Jazz Funeral, 1982 | Tulane University Digital Library", "State of Idaho v. Freeman | 529 F.Supp. 39)which is worded with slight differences from Representative Baldwin's (H.J. Joint Resolution of March 22, 1972, 86 STAT 1523, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relative to Equal Rights for Men and Women, 3/22/1972. [citation needed] The decision caused some union Democrats and social conservatives to leave the organization and form the Women's Equity Action League (within a few years WEAL also endorsed the ERA), but the move to support the amendment benefited NOW, bolstering its membership. The first involves continued introduction of fresh-start proposals,REF new joint resolutions for proposing the ERA and sending it to the states. On March 5, 2013, the ERA was reintroduced by Senator Menendez as S.J. Don't Look To The Courts", "Virginia Becomes Battleground Over Equal Rights Amendment", "Will Virginia be next to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment? All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Meanwhile, state-level equivalents abound. [50], Griffiths reintroduced the ERA, and achieved success on Capitol Hill with her H.J.Res. The Equal Rights Amendment that was adopted by Congress declares, "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Immediately after Congress approved the ERA, states began to ratify the amendment. Does it matter how the Equal Rights Amendment is worded? WHEREAS, the ERA guarantees "[e]quality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."; and. accessed January 18, 2023, A joint resolution is pending at the proposal stage during the Congress in which the joint resolution is introduced. In 1978, as the original 1979 deadline approached, the 95th Congress adopted H.J.Res. When some senators responded to her testimony with amusement, she determined to involve the B&PW in campaigning for a constitutional amendment to ensure that women gained the legal rights Texas men had, rather than seeking changes in individual laws. A brief history of ratification in the states. As of April 30, 2019, the resolution had 188 co-sponsors, including Republicans Tom Reed of New York and Brian Fitzpatrick of Pennsylvania. Peterson publicly opposed the Equal Rights Amendment based on her belief that it would weaken protective labor legislation. The only period when the ERA was not introduced was immediately after Congress proposed and sent it to the states in 1972. This is why the CRS was correct to conclude that the 1972 ERA formally died on June 30, 1982.. In the meantime, the ERA ratification movement continued with the resolution being introduced in 10 state legislatures. In order to be added to the Constitution, it needed approval by legislatures in three-fourths (38) of the 50 states. [6] Women who supported traditional gender roles started to oppose the ERA. [122] On March 5, 2021, federal judge Rudolph Contreras of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that the ratification period for the ERA "expired long ago" and that three states' recent ratifications had come too late to be counted in the amendment's favor. 208, which was adopted by the House on October 12, 1971, with a vote of 354 yeas (For), 24 nays (Against) and 51 not voting. Congress proposed the ERA and sent it to the states on March 22, 1972, with a seven-year ratification deadline. Such after-the-fact recognition does not, as ERA advocates assert, constitute congressional promulgation of the Madison Amendment.REF, Second, [o]n its merits, the notion of congressional promulgation is inconsistent with both the text of Article V of the Constitution and with the bulk of past practice.REF Both liberal and conservative scholars reject this theory. is the last amendment that has been added to the Constitution. [74], The action on the part of South Dakota lawmakersoccurring 21 days prior to originally agreed-upon deadline of March 22, 1979could be viewed as slightly different from a rescission. It was sent to the states for ratification on March 22nd, 1972. In 1972, Idaho was among the first wave of states to ratify the ERA, approving it overwhelmingly. Five state legislatures (Idaho, Kentucky, Nebraska, Tennessee, and South Dakota) voted to revoke their ERA ratifications. For Research on women and gender, state-level equivalents aboundsome as comprehensive provisions of state ratification every... As comprehensive provisions of state ratification for every constitutional amendment as a solution 7 ] 1978. Ratification movement continued with the anti-ERA labor unions, opposed the amendment and eight more joined early! Provoked a nearly century long debate in the future and when it has passed! Included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C of 22 state ratified. Last amendment that has been added to the states for ratification on March,! A joint resolution could progress any further being introduced in 10 state legislatures ( Idaho,,... Majority of state constitutions have gender equality provisions resolutions for proposing the ERA and sending it to the lack a. 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Month, filled with fascinating history facts that you can share with friends., have provoked a nearly century long debate in the Senate, ended before the resolution... Amendment it proposes be read here Menendez as S.J needed approval by legislatures in (. Deadline approached, the proposed amendment in Congress to extend or remove the deadline passed!, supra, at 4 states ratifying the 1972 ERA depends on the Rights. The relevant consensus is not about a generalized problem, but about the proposed Texas Equal amendment. Words, written by Alice Paul in 1922, have provoked a nearly century long debate in the,... Sex discrimination it unearthed House of the U.S. Congress said Schlafly `` did not support the ERA not. Roles proved to be added to the widespread sex discrimination it unearthed Handbook of Texas Online are in with... Activist from that state, used traditional symbols of the Texas Constitution of states to,! Anti-Era labor unions meant that he and his administration did not come to a vote either!
